> Without an MMU, swapping to disk becomes a sizeable challenge.
Swapping object graphs out to disk (and substituting entry points by swap-in proxies) was a thing in Smalltalk systems, and I expect Lisp machines must have had their own solutions. For that matter, 16-bit Windows could (with great difficulty) swap on an 8086, and other DOS “overlay managers” existed. Not that I like the idea, necessarily, but this one problem is not unsolvable.
Well, let's add efficiency to the mix then (I used Smalltalk and LISP machines, and neither managed RAM effectively enough, to the point where emacs was... fast! at the time).
Swapping object graphs out to disk (and substituting entry points by swap-in proxies) was a thing in Smalltalk systems, and I expect Lisp machines must have had their own solutions. For that matter, 16-bit Windows could (with great difficulty) swap on an 8086, and other DOS “overlay managers” existed. Not that I like the idea, necessarily, but this one problem is not unsolvable.