IMO, this is almost certainly a badly-written question with a single “correct” answer, A.
The common thread is that they all answers are related to “non-response bias.”
This is the type of Q that results from question-writers that have (1) no deep stats background/passion and (2) a list of textbook concepts to write multiple choice Qs for.
I used to go CRAZY in school, until I started thinking of these Qs not as “what’s the answer” and more “what answer is most likely to result in a question like this?”
Given the topic is "student life, academics, and athletics", would you care about the non-responses? If the topics correlate well to non-responses then you'd have a reason to care about the missing results. The best answer here is D, because there is always attrition when doing surveys and getting 100% responses isn't usually a goal for this type of experiment.
The common thread is that they all answers are related to “non-response bias.”
This is the type of Q that results from question-writers that have (1) no deep stats background/passion and (2) a list of textbook concepts to write multiple choice Qs for.
I used to go CRAZY in school, until I started thinking of these Qs not as “what’s the answer” and more “what answer is most likely to result in a question like this?”