Mesa, Mesa/Cedar, Modula-2, Modula-3, CLU, Eiffel, Ada, Oberon, Oberon-2, Oberon-07, Component Pascal, Active Oberon, COM/WinRT, .NET.

Probably there are others as well.

What makes you include .NET? C# and VB.net handle cyclical dependencies between classes / source files just fine. Partial classes are the most extreme example of that. Assemblies are different, but so are static/dynamic libraries.

Assemblies are what maps to modules in concept, specially given polyglot projects.

If you want to stay in one language, then F# imposes compilation order, even Visual Studio has support to rearrange file order on the project file.